This blog post was written by library volunteer George Wise
The nineteenth century US saw a
change in the terms typically applied to places supplying drink, food and
lodging. The early general use of the terms “inn” and “tavern” gave way to the
later use of the terms “hotel” and “saloon”. This was not a mere vocabulary
exercise. As
Schenectady’s
experience illustrates it reflects, though imperfectly, a changing role of the
role of such establishments in the community’s experience of population growth,
immigration, transportation, industrialization, and politics.
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37 Front Street was the site of the Eleven O'clock House.
Courtesy of the Grems-Doolittle Library Collection. |
In the first three decades after
Schenectady’s designation as a city in 1798,
the role of public venues for the consumption of alcohol was viewed as an
accepted, if somewhat disreputable, aspect of community life. This is best
conveyed in descriptions given by the diaries of Harriet Mumford Paige, a
socially prominent early 19
th century resident of the Stockade
neighborhood. She describes such taverns as the Eleven O’Clock House. The name referred
to the custom of craftsmen and shopkeepers stopping work for a drink at that
hour of the morning. The Pangborn Tavern served as headquarters for the three
Glen brothers and First Reformed Church Minister Vrooman’s son. The four were
“the cream of the Schenectady Rowdies”. The Schenectady Coffee House at the
corner of Union and Ferry Streets became successively Platt’s Inn,
Hudson’s Tavern, and ultimately by 1815 the first venture
of the man who would become
Schenectady’s
most successful hotel entrepreneur, Resolved Givens.
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Photograph of Platt's Inn.
Courtesy of the Grems-Doolittle Library Collection |
Inns and taverns had important
public roles as well. Albert A. Vedder’s tavern was a frequent location for caucusing
to nominate candidates for political office, or for public meetings to discuss such
matters as the need for a second Schenectady bank. Harvey Davis’
Inn served as a sort of extension of the county court.
For example, when the farm of Catharine Kettle of Princetown was foreclosed,
she was told via public notice that her “goods and chattels” would be “seized
and taken and shall expose to public sale as the law directs at the house of
Harvey Davis, innkeeper, in the 2
nd Ward of the City of
Schenectady.
Hudson’s Tavern was the site, in
April 1798, of the first meeting of the City of
Schenectady’s Common Council.
An early change in the image of
these establishments came with the rise of the temperance movement. The
Schenectady County Temperance Society organized at a meeting at the First Presbyterian
Church in January, 1829. It set January 22, 1829 as “a day of fasting,
humiliation and prayer with reference to the prevailing sin of intemperance.”
Sin or not, alcohol indulgence was a growing social issue. Historian W.J.
Rorabaugh estimated that per capita alcohol consumption in the
U.S. had
increased from 2 gallons a year in 1710 to more than 5 gallons from by 1820. The
formerly acceptable inns and taverns now became seen by some as dens of vice.
Schenectady’s approach to
this issue was more moderate than other locations. The figurehead and public
face of
Schenectady abstinence, minister and
Union College
president Eliphalet Nott, was a man described as “temperate in his temperance”.
He preferred educational campaigns to Carrie Nation’s axe.
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Photograph of Given's Hotel.
Courtesy of the Grems-Doolittle Library Photograph Collection. |
The first quantitative estimate of
Schenectady inns and taverns came in 1841, when the first
occupational directory of
Schenectady
was published. It listed 14 innkeepers, 4 hotels, and the Eagle Lunch, which
probably offered whiskey on the noon menu. Also included was Isaac Fowler, the
first Schenectadian to list his occupation as “barkeeper.” The bar he kept was
located at the Givens Hotel,
Schenectady’s
finest lodging house. Resolved Givens, and his one-time partner Isaac Ledyard,
owner of the nearby City Hotel, had started buying up property in the vicinity
of the modern intersection of
State
St. and
Erie
Boulevard as early as 1806. They correctly
anticipated that the city’s downtown would move in that direction. Givens is
credited in some accounts with not only predicting where the
Erie
Canal and the New York Central railroad would go, but also politically
influencing the decisions that made them go there. Whatever his role, his
somewhat ramshackle hotel did become the prime stop for travelers. He became
one of
Schenectady’s
richest men.
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Print of Ledyard's City Hotel.
Courtesy of the Grems-Doolittle Photograph Collection. |
As that name “hotel” increasingly
replaced “tavern”, the transportation revolution changed lodging location.
Prime sites were no longer clearing or landings every fifteen miles or so along
turnpikes or rivers. Now they were the center-city location of canal docks and
railroad depots. The neologisms hotel and saloon, were of French origin. Perhaps
this was an attempt to give some continental cachet to establishments that were
increasingly, in an era of temperance agitation, seen as disreputable or even
sinful.
Schenectady’s inns and hotels listed in that
1841 directory and the 1850 census were not evenly distributed throughout the
city. Instead, they were concentrated along or near
State Street. This route began at “Battle
Ground” near the river, described by 1830s diarist Jonathan Pierson as “a
filthy place”, and later given the more neutral nickname “Frog Alley”. At its
other, eastern, end,
State Street
became the road to
Albany near
Schenectady’s first real factory, the Schenectady
Manufacturing Co.’s cotton mill. It stood near where modern
Craig St. meets I-890. There farmer and
sometimes mill worker John Coss held the liquor license for an establishment
that refreshed working men and women after 12 hour days of tending spindles and
looms. In between those two extremes,
where the Erie Canal and the nearby New York Central Railroad both
crossed State St.,
stood the city’s four
most
respectable hotels: the Givens
Hotel, the City Hotel, the Rail Road House, and, a bit later, a Temperance
Hotel.
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Photograph of Frog Alley circa 1890. A.K. Scrafford's Hotel is shown on the left.
Courtesy of the Grems-Doolittle Photograph Collection. |
As a political issue, temperance
typically ran against the tide. It had, however, occasional successes. In 1855
the American Party, popularly known as the “Know Nothings” swept into control
of
Schenectady’s
city government. The party’s platform proclaimed that “slavery, like papacy is
a moral evil”, and that no immigrant should be allowed to vote until he had
been in the
U.S.
for 21 years. The Know Nothings also came out for free schools, the Bible, and
sobriety. Not much could be done on a local scale about slavery and the Pope.
Schenectady’s Know-Nothing
mayor Abel Smith, could, however, do something about sobriety. Since the city’s
founding in 1798, the Mayor had the power to appoint three excise
commissioners, who issued liquor licenses. In 1855, Smith announced that he had
instructed the commissioners to issue no more licenses.
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Schenectady's "Know Nothing" Mayor, Abel Smith.
Courtesy of the Grems-Doolittle Library Collection. |
This effort, like the Know Nothing
Party itself, was short lived. By 1857 the Schenectady County Government took
over from the major the power to appoint the excise commissioners. It would not
be returned to the city until 1870.
This
change likely recognized the unstoppable advance of saloons. More generally,
the Know Nothing episode reflected the growing unease among “American”
residents about the rising tide of first Irish and then German immigration.
Both groups were accurately perceived as having permissive attitudes toward
alcohol use. The temperance movement continued to be entwined with
anti-immigrant sentiment. In
Schenectady
this evolved into a minor political party. This Prohibition Party sometimes ran
candidates for city office, but never successfully. It achieved limited
successes when it became a swing vote between two evenly balanced major
parties.
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Saloon of Henry Vonderahe.
Courtesy of the Grems-Doolittle Library Photograph Collection |
The 1860 Census marked the
emergence into common use of that term saloon. That Census listed 13 saloons, alongside
20 inns. In the previous, 1850, Census, the word saloon had not appeared at
all. The word tavern went unmentioned both in both censuses, and in the 1857
occupation directory, which listed 6 hotels. The total of 39 such establishments
is somewhat less than the 53 liquor licenses issued in 1859. This is because
many of the licenses went to grocers, whose stores both sold liquor, and
occasionally served as informal saloons or even boarding houses. Unlike the
inns of 1841, the saloons were distributed in clusters in each of the city’s
five wards. The saloon descriptions even became specialized. Three were listed
as “billiard saloons” and two were listed as “oyster saloons”. Clara Clute, one
of the few female saloonkeepers, ran an “ice cream saloon.” Michael Hearndon,
located nearby, titled his more tersely and directly: “drinking saloon.”
Over the last third of the century
the number of saloons soared. Judging from occupational directories and
newspaper estimates, and therefore probably an underestimate, there were 30
saloons in
Schenectady
in 1870 and 200 in 1900. This rate of growth was twice as fast as the growth
rate of
Schenectady’s
population. An 1892 temperance reformer estimated that
Schenectady
had one saloon for every 150 residents, while even the “wicked city of
Chicago” had only one for
every 200.
A related number, the annual
arrests for intoxication, nearly doubled from 269 in 1881 to 522 in 1892.
Again, this was significantly higher than the growth rate of city population.
These statistics, however, miss the
social and political role of saloons. This was often positive, and always
interesting. It can be illustrated with three stories.
Matthais Treis was born in
Prussia in 1821, and came to the
U.S.
in 1856 with his brother Nicholas. Employed initially as a laborer, and for a
while as a broom maker, he saved his money. By 1865 he was able to open a
saloon at
502 State Street.
This was still a disreputable neighborhood, featuring the ruins and still
occupied worker tenements of the now-defunct cotton mill. It was also the site of
the
County Poorhouse. It was quickly becoming,
however, the preferred residential area of industrious and upwardly mobile
German immigrants such as Treis.
Adopting a time honored role, on
March 31, 1869, Matthias Treis’s Tavern was the location for the election of
the 5
th Ward’s nomination of 5 delegates to the City Democratic
Party Convention. Treis himself earned one of those delegate posts.
At those City Conventions, over the subsequent
years, delegates from the Albany Hill portion of the 5
th Ward,
mainly German, and delegates from the 3rd Ward, mostly Irish, battled
against the older and more socially prominent Dutch or English descended for
control of the Democratic Party.
In 1885, those older ethnic elements
got the upper hand. Democrat Mayor Henry S. DeForest chose to follow the policy
of his Republican, but similarly upper-class predecessor John Young and seek “higher
licenses and fewer saloons.” When Matthias Treis arrived to renew his liquor license
on May 19, 1885, he was told that “the majority of the board does not feel
disposed to grant a license in your district, Mr. Treis” (Quotes here are from
newspaper reports at the time. Be warned that such reports typically were
slanted in a direction unfavorable to, and often ridiculing of, immigrants).
Treis answered: “well, I don’t see why not. I have kept a good place for 20
years.” He then, according to the reporter, “turned sorrowfully away.”
His sorrow quickly turned to
action. He banded together with some 30 other rejected saloon keepers to create
a defense fund variously described in amount as somewhere from $600 to $2000.
The participants proceeded to violate the law, to continue to sell liquor, and to
use the defense fund to pay their fines. They also recruited the legal services
of A.A. Yates, former judge, mainstay of the city’s Republican Party, and
grandson of a
New York
State governor. Mayor
DeForest, like his anti-liquor predecessor, Dr. Nott, was a committed but
temperate advocate of temperance. He quickly saw the light and found room for
compromise. “Now that a less fanatical board of commissioners has been
appointed,” a reporter wrote in April, 1886, agreement had been reached. The “higher
fees” remained, but the “fewer saloons” part was abandoned.
The victorious saloonkeepers association
disbanded. Matthias Treis paid his $75 fee and received his renewed liquor
license.
The social and political role of
saloons proved important in controversies within, as well as between, the
city’s ethnic communities. This role became especially important after the 1886
arrival of the Edison Machine Works. This was followed by the addition of
Eastern Europeans, especially Poles, as well as Southern Europeans, especially
Italians, to the ethnic mix.
In 1893 Stanislaus Kowalski, owner
of the Washington House Saloon on
Edison
Avenue, was seen as “one of the pioneers of the Polish
settlement in this city…. piloting his countrymen through the difficulties of
naturalization, befriending them in entanglements of the
law… president of the Parish, captain of the
Polish laborers.”
He also became entangled in a
dispute with a recently arrived priest of
Schenectady’s first Polish parish, St.
Mary’s. Father Dersezewski was also a champion of the social and economic needs
of his community, involved especially in gaining for his parishioner’s employment
and relief during the deep economic depression of 1893. These meritorious
activities invaded Kowalski’s turf. Some accused Kowalski of going to the
Bishop in
Albany
and trying to get Father Dersezewski fired.
Matters
came to a head at a meeting of 300 people at Kowalski’s saloon on Oct 21, 1893.
The avowed purpose was creating a Polish-American Political Club. Foes of
Kowalski accused him of demanding future political loyalty in exchange for his
citizenship aid. Sticks and stones were brandished. Officer Flanigan intervened
in time to prevent the breaking of any bones. He was, however, unable to prevent
throwing of the stones and demolition of the glass front of the saloon.
Kowalski subsequently retreated from direct political involvement into the role
of publisher of the area’s first Polish newspaper.
A story more directly relating the
saloon saga to the arrival of the town's new dominant employer also occurred in
1894.
Kruesi Avenue,
named after the first superintendent of the Edison Works, was one of the new
neighborhoods that bloomed because of proximity to the General Electric Plant.
It quickly gained such nicknames as “
Crazy
Avenue” and “the Bowery”, after the similarly
notorious district in
New York City.
While admitting that “not all the saloons on
Kruesi Avenue are disreputable,”
newspapers had a field day describing the goings-on in those saloons, as well
as in
Kreusi Avenue’s
other “objectionable houses.”
According to A.A. Yates, who now
wrote as a defender of family values rather than of saloons, it was GE’s tender
concern for the morals of its workers that led the company to launch an 1894
campaign to clean up
Kruesi Avenue.
This claim is both implausible and inaccurate.
As GE Vice President Joseph P. Ord explained, GE needed the land which bordered
the plant in order to extend the length of its main factory buildings. This
extension would make possible the efficient construction of bigger electrical
generators, using overhead cranes powered by the very electricity that the new
generators would produce.
His explanation was also an
ultimatum. If the city did not close down and demolish
Kruesi Avenue, GE would begin to look
more favorably on the offers of other communities. Some were offering up to 100
acres of land and a million dollars in subsidies, for the privilege of being
the new home to the greatly expanded main plant of the General Electric
Company.
Schenectady’s newly created Board of Trade
got the message. Acting with the alacrity previously shown by Treis and the
saloonkeepers, the Board of Trade convinced 140
Schenectady merchants to make contributions
that ranged in size from $1500 down to $20, and totaled $35,000. This sufficed
to pay off the
Kruesi Avenue
landowners. A pleased Joseph P. Ord told the board that
Schenectady would soon be the home of the
greatest electrical machinery works in the world. The Schenectady
Works of the General Electric Company would soon fulfill Ord's prophecy.
The cleanup of
Kruesi Avenue only diffused, rather than
eliminate, the activities that the street had housed. Newspaper accounts now
turned to the activities of new notorious dens of vice opening up nearby, such
as “The Crow’s Nest”, “313 Broadway”, and “Jenee Scott’s”.
This incident,
along with the parallel replacement of the Givens Hotel with a brand new Edison
Hotel, does however provide a fitting end to the 19th century
transition from an era of inns and taverns to an era of hotels and saloons. Little
visual evidence of that era can be seen today. The surviving tip of the avenue,
the part that GE did not need, can still be found outside a now sealed-up GE Plant gate under a sign that reads Lower Broadway. That very short street is,
appropriately, now the home of the city’s most notorious adult bookstore, as
well as of at least one tavern and one pub. The latter, thanks to a proprietor
with a fine sense of history, is called the Kruesi Ave Pub.
