This post was written by library volunteer Diane Leone.
Women’s
History Month usually calls to mind the achievements of luminaries such as
Susan B. Anthony and Harriet Tubman.
While these seminal figures rightly continue to be honored, other
lesser-known women have made important contributions to society. One such local individual is Jeanne Robert
Foster. She escaped a poverty-stricken
childhood in the Adirondack Mountains to pursue a varied career as a poet,
journalist, model, art and literary critic, literary agent, municipal employee,
and advocate for the Adirondack wilderness, before dying at the advanced age of
ninety-one in 1970. Mrs. Foster undoubtedly
deserves the appellation of “Renaissance Woman.”
 |
Foster's mother, Lucia Newell
Oliviere was a staunch supporter
of women's suffrage. Find out
more in our previous blog post:
http://bit.ly/2mQgFr2. |
That Jeanne was to defy expectations was clear even at birth. Born Julia Elizabeth Oliver on March 10,
1879, she was the first child of Frank and Lucia Oliver. The infant was declared stillborn by the
attending doctor and left on the windowsill while he took care of the new
mother. To his surprise, upon returning
to the newborn a bit later, she was alive.
Today, the Adirondacks are viewed as a scenic getaway
destination. In the latter part of the nineteenth
century, although the monied class enjoyed the mountain resorts and camps, life
for the residents was anything but easy.
They were a hardy sort, many of them immigrants, who eked out a
hardscrabble life logging, farming, and mining.
Jeanne recalled that hers was the only family with deep American roots
in the region; most settlers had ancestors from France, Canada and Northern
Ireland’s Protestant population. Born in
Johnsburg, she spent her early years in the town of Minerva, in Essex County, where
her father farmed. When she was seven,
the family pulled up roots again, moving southeast to Chestertown, where Mr.
Oliver was a lumberjack and carpenter. As a poor family with four young mouths
to feed, the Oliver's tried to reduce their financial strain by sending their
oldest child to live with relatives for a period of about four years. From the ages of eight to twelve, Jeanne stayed
with several members of her extended family, returning home in 1892.
Jeanne’s early
life was an indicator of her intelligence and will to succeed. Her father, a religious man, was uneducated,
whereas her mother was a graduate of the Albany Normal School and taught in
Chestertown. An extraordinary student, Jeanne
was interested in writing, and several of her articles were published in the
local newspaper. Her first foray into
that arena was the article “Autumn Leaves,” describing the seasonal foliage of
her beloved Panther Mountain. With her
strong academics, Jeanne was permitted to take the teaching examination at age
fifteen. The following year she was
teaching school and helping supplement her family’s limited income. Unlike uneducated women whose lives were
severely limited, Jeanne would use this initial opportunity to improve her
prospects.
Marriage and Expanding Career
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Jeanne Robert Foster as drawn by
Harrison Fisher. |
What changed
life her immediately, however, was Jeanne’s marriage on August 25, 1897, at age
Vanity Fair, who asked her to pose for
the magazine. The December 1900 issue
included a photo spread featuring his new find.
Her connection with Dodge led to an introduction to noted illustrator
Harrison Fisher, who chose Jeanne to be the Harrison Fisher Girl of 1903, an archetype
of the beautiful American woman. Her
modeling career led to a job as an assistant to the fashion editor of the
Hearst newspapers.
eighteen, to 46-year-old Matlack Foster, a local man. In 1968, she gave her reason: “I feared the
usual life. I did not want it. I married a man older than my father so that
I would be protected from –real—life” (Londraville 18). The couple moved to Rochester, where Matlack
was in the insurance business; they also traveled quite often to New York City
for extended stays. During this period, Jeanne
graduated from Rochester Athenaeum and Mechanics Institute (now Rochester
Institute of Technology) and took classes at New York City’s
Stanhope-Wheatcroft Dramatic School, landing several acting roles in the
American Stock Company. Considered quite
attractive, Jeanne had a fortuitous meeting with David Dodge, the editor of
 |
Photograph of Jeanne Robert
Foster taken in 1900. |
Many young
women of the time would have viewed this position as the pinnacle of
success. Jeanne’s career trajectory,
however, was on the rise. Her sister
Francesca’s bout with typhoid led Jeanne to travel to Boston in 1905 to help
nurse her back to health. Fortunately, her
new situation allowed her to attend classes at Boston University and Harvard,
with a particular focus on literature and writing. Her literary talent led to a job with the Boston American, where, among other subjects,
she wrote about the problems of the poor, a topic of lifelong interest. Jeanne remained in the city until 1910, her husband
eventually joining her. A meeting with
journalist Albert Shaw at a party led to a job with the American Review of Reviews, of which he was the editor in
chief. Her assignments were varied,
requiring her to review books, critique poetry, and write about art, literature,
theater, education, and topics of interest to women. Her work took her to Europe several times, and
gave her entrée to famous figures, particularly men, who were to play important
roles in Jeanne’s life.
As
noted earlier, Jeanne’s love for writing began in childhood. In 1916, she published two books of poetry: Wild Apples and Neighbors of Yesterday. The
former is a collection of lyric poems. Neighbors
of Yesterday consists of narrative verse, the poems telling stories about
the people of her beloved Adirondacks. The idea for an important poem in that
collection, “Union Blue,” was sparked by Jeanne’s editorial work on a
photographic history of the Civil War.
In the poignant lines below (qtd. in Londraville 37-38), a father who
joined the Union forces with his son tells his neighbor about his fallen son’s
jacket, which he saved from a robber:
It’s mostly tatters now, the
pocket tore
A dozen times; I always mended
it.
I couldn’t let those robbers lay
their hands
On Sonny’s coat. I’ll have it laid at last
Inside my coffin, when I come to
die.
(70,
lines 97-101)
A third volume of poetry, Rock Flower—like Wild Apples,
traditional in form—was released in 1923 to positive reviews. A versatile writer, Jeanne even penned a
one-act play, Marthe, which won the
Drama League Prize of 1926. In 1986,
Noel Riedinger-Johnson edited Adirondack
Portraits: A Piece of Time, a posthumous anthology of Foster’s unpublished
poetry and prose. As Riedinger-Johnson
notes, along with Willa Cather and Sarah Orne Jewett, Foster was considered the
best of an “American feminine literary tradition,” highlighting “…universal
human values and the self-reliant spirit of American pioneers” (xxxii).
Influential Relationships
Jeanne’s affairs of the heart were complicated. She was married to a much older man, who was not particularly successful in business. As he aged, he had heart problems, and spent a good deal of time away from his wife, residing at the Schenectady home that Jeanne had helped purchase for her parents in 1901. Meanwhile, Jeanne traveled widely, meeting many people. She became very close with several men, including journalist Albert Shaw; art connoisseur John Quinn; and the eccentric Aleister Crowley, noted as a spiritualist, philosopher, poet and mountaineer. As the authors note in Dear Yates, Dear Pound, Dear Ford, she denied being unfaithful with these men, but her diaries throw into question her denials (Londraville XXVII). In spite of these unconventional relationships, Jeanne was a product of her times, when it was not acceptable for a woman to be altogether independent. She wrote in a 1970 letter that “genius is male” (qtd. in Londraville 138), and commented in her diary that “...in order to reach her potential she needed to be attached to a superior man (Londraville XXVII).
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| Drawing of Foster by John Butler Yeats in 1917. |
John Butler Yeats, portrait artist and father of the great poet William Butler Yeats, was a major influence in her life. From their initial meeting in a New York City restaurant in 1911 until his death in 1922, they were the closest of friends. At the center of literary and artistic circles, Yeats mentored Jeanne as a writer and encouraged her to focus on dramatic poetry. He considered Neighbors of Yesterday to be her best work. His death was a great loss to Jeanne. Since his family did not have the financial means to transport his body to Ireland, Jeanne offered to have him interred in the local cemetery in Chestertown, New York, where he lies today next to her.
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Art collector and love interest
of Jeanne Robert Foster. |
Of singular importance was art connoisseur John Quinn, whom Jeanne considered the great love of her life. During their six-year relationship, from 1918 to 1924, when he died of cancer, Jeanne was indispensable to Quinn, renowned for his collection of modern art. Acting as his companion as well as his assistant, Jeanne used her journalism skills and appreciation of art to serve as “combination secretary, art buyer, and literary liaison” (Londraville, Dear Yates 172) for Quinn. In that capacity, she traveled to Europe and met important writers, such as Ezra Pound, Ford Maddox Ford, T. S. Eliot, and James Joyce, as well as the art world’s Constantin Brancusi, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso. Before his death, Quinn entrusted Jeanne with the task of selecting some of his prolific correspondence for donation to the New York Public Library.
Two other important relationships were with with British novelist Ford Maddox Ford and American poet Ezra Pound, who lived as an expatriate in Europe. In 1923, Ford, Quinn, and Pound cofounded the transatlantic review, a monthly literary magazine based in Paris. Jeanne served as the American editor of the periodical, which folded after only one year. Friendships endured, however, with Jeanne promoting Ford and his works on this side of the Atlantic. They exchanged letters until his death in 1939. Ezra Pound, a towering figure in 20th century modernist poetry, was generous in promoting promising writers, including Jeanne. He critiqued her poetry and supported her continued efforts at writing dramatic Adirondack verse, which both he and Yeats praised highly.
With Quinn’s death, Jeanne focused more on her family. Following her resignation from the American Review of Reviews in 1927, she shuttled between New York City and Schenectady, caring for her father, husband and brother, who all died over the next few years. Now middle aged, with limited resources, she was about to embark on still another career. For about a decade beginning in 1928, Jeanne engaged in research on the New York State Constitutional Convention for Dr. George R. Lunn, a previous Schenectady mayor. From 1938 to 1955, she was the tenant relations counselor for the city’s Municipal Housing Authority. In that capacity, she advocated for affordable housing for seniors, and founded the Golden Age Club at Schonowee Village, which eventually morphed into the Schenectady Senior Citizen Center.
Finally retiring in 1955, this dynamo of a woman described her new burst of energy as a “Renaissance” (Londraville, Dear Yeats 226), writing poetry again and even teaching poetry writing to senior citizens. Now in her twilight years, Jeanne’s Neighbors of Yesterday was reprinted in 1963, increasing an awareness of Jeanne’s work and the early days of the Adirondacks. Although Jeanne died before completing a new book on Adirondack verse, she often corresponded with, and drew inspiration from, noted Adirondack conservationist Paul Schaefer. Below is a poem in Adirondack Portraits (Foster 145), celebrating a mountain beloved by both:
Crane Mountain (for Paul Schaefer)
How can I lift my mountain before your eyes,
Tear it out of my heart, my hands, my sinews,
Lift it before you—its trees, its rocks,
Its thrust heavenward;
The basic cliffs, the quartz of the outcrop,
The wide water in the cup of the lower summit,
The high peak lifting above the timberline
Gathering the mist of fifty lakes at sunrise;
The waterfall tumbling a thousand feet,
White with foam, white with rock-flower in summer;
The wreathing of dark spruce and hemlock,
The blood splashes of mountain ash,
The long spur to the north golden with poplars;
A porcupine drinking, bending without fear
To his image?
When darkness shall be my home,
Eternal mountain, do not leave my heart;
Remain with me in my sleep,
In my dreams, in my resurrection.
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| Crane Mountain |
Jeanne received official recognition for her contributions to Schenectady. In 1959, she was named Schenectady Senior Citizen of the Year, and two years later named an honorary Patroon by the mayor. After suffering two heart attacks in the 1960s, Jeanne died on September 22, 1970 at the advanced age of 91. She is buried in Chestertown Rural Cemetery, nestled between the graves of Matlack Foster and John Butler Yeats.
As her biographers, Richard and Janis Londraville, aptly state, “…Foster literally walked out of the woods and into a brave new world (249).” Clearly, she left some very large footprints.
Works Cited
Foster,
Jeanne Robert. Adirondack Portraits: A Piece of Time. Edited by Noel Riedinger-Johnson, Syracuse, Syracuse UP, 1986.
Londraville,
Richard, and Janis Londraville. Dear Yeats, Dear Pound, Dear Ford: Jeanne
Robert
and Her Circle of Friends. Syracuse,
Syracuse UP, 2001.
Riedinger-Johnson,
Noel. "Jeanne Robert Foster." Adirondack
Portraits: A Piece of Time, by
Jeanne Robert Foster,
edited by Riedinger-Johnson, Syracuse University Press, 1986, pp. xxi-xli.
Works by
Jeanne Robert Foster
Foster,
Jeanne Robert. Marthe. Boston, Sherman,
French and Co., 1927. This work is
included in Riedinger-Johnson’s
Adirondack Portraits: A Piece of Time.
---. Neighbors of Yesterday. Boston, Sherman,
French and Co., 1916.
---. Rock Flower. New York, Boni and
Liveright, 1923.
---. Wild Apples. Boston, Sherman, French and
Co., 1916.
Other letters refer to Campbell suing people who owed him money (sometimes threatening to arrest them), invoices for various goods, and letters about general business matters. There are very few letters of a personal nature, but from letters like the one shown above, you can get a sense of Daniel Campbell's personality. These letters show how shrewd Campbell could be in his business dealings and give an indication as to how he amassed his fortune. The letter shown on the left gives an example of the types of items Campbell was selling in 1774. They include, men's shoes, Jamican Spirits, pipes, salt, rifles, black wampum (the best sort), sugar, tea, pork and tobacco.
